Visualization

Visualization #

Data in a Polars DataFrame can be visualized using common visualization libraries.

We illustrate plotting capabilities using the Iris dataset. We read a CSV and then plot one column against another, colored by a yet another column.

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘dataframe’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:dataframe"

Built-in plotting with Altair #

Polars has a plot method to create plots using Altair:

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘altair_show_plot’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:altair_make_plot"

This is shorthand for:

import altair as alt

(
    alt.Chart(df).mark_point(tooltip=True).encode(
        x="sepal_length",
        y="sepal_width",
        color="species",
    )
    .properties(width=500)
    .configure_scale(zero=False)
)

and is only provided for convenience, and to signal that Altair is known to work well with Polars.

For configuration, we suggest reading Chart Configuration. For example, you can:

  • Change the width/height/title with .properties(width=500, height=350, title="My amazing plot").
  • Change the x-axis label rotation with .configure_axisX(labelAngle=30).
  • Change the opacity of the points in your scatter plot with .configure_point(opacity=.5).

hvPlot #

If you import hvplot.polars, then it registers a hvplot method which you can use to create interactive plots using hvPlot.

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘hvplot_show_plot’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:hvplot_make_plot"

Matplotlib #

To create a scatter plot we can pass columns of a DataFrame directly to Matplotlib as a Series for each column. Matplotlib does not have explicit support for Polars objects but can accept a Polars Series by converting it to a NumPy array (which is zero-copy for numeric data without null values).

Note that because the column 'species' isn’t numeric, we need to first convert it to numeric values so that it can be passed as an argument to c.

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘matplotlib_show_plot’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:matplotlib_make_plot"

Plotnine #

Plotnine is a reimplementation of ggplot2 in Python, bringing the Grammar of Graphics to Python users with an interface similar to its R counterpart. It supports Polars DataFrame by internally converting it to a pandas DataFrame.

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘plotnine_show_plot’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:plotnine_make_plot"

Seaborn and Plotly #

Seaborn and Plotly can accept a Polars DataFrame by leveraging the dataframe interchange protocol, which offers zero-copy conversion where possible. Note that the protocol does not support all Polars data types (e.g. List) so your mileage may vary here.

Seaborn #

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘seaborn_show_plot’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:seaborn_make_plot"

Plotly #

{{code_block(‘user-guide/misc/visualization’,‘plotly_show_plot’,[])}}

--8<-- "python/user-guide/misc/visualization.py:plotly_make_plot"
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